COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL
Powerd By
Arya(It’s Arya Place)
Website-www.arya2014.blogspot.com
Introduction
of Computer
Q. What is Computer?Ans. Computer is an electronic device that accepts the data from any Input Device process them according to instruction and gives the Output. The name “Computer” is originated from the Greek word “Compute” which means “to calculate”.
There are basic four function of Personal Computer: -
i.
Accepting Data
ii.
Storing Data
iii.
Processing Data
iv.
Displaying Data
Full Form of
Computer:
-
C =
Common / Command
O = Orientation / Organization M = Multi / Machine
P = Purpose
U = User / Utility
T = Technology / Technical
E = Education
R = Research
Q. What is Instruction?
Ans. An Instruction is step-by-step explanation of how to solve a problem or follow a particular process.
Q. What is Data?
Ans. Data are raw facts and figures that can be processed to produces meaningful information.
Abacus: - It is first known computing device. Which are most successful in its function.
Mr. Charles Babbage: - Charles Babbage the 19th Century English Mathematician is known as the father of the Modern Computer Science. He developed two types of Machine: -
i.
Difference
Engine (1822)
ii.
Analytical
Engine (1833)
Language of Computer: -
i.
Machine Language: -It is the language in which computer performs is its computation. It is
also known as Binary Code (0 & 1).
ii.
Assembly
Language: -It is consists of Hex code. It
translates the Assembly language into Machine language.
iii.
High Level
Language: -It is Human language. The data coded in
High Level Language is English word. The High Level Language is BASIC, FORTRAN
and C.
Application of
Computer:-Computers have a wide application in
our everyday life. Some day-to-day uses of Computer are:- 1. Ticket reservation in Railways and Airways.
2. Keeping track of flight schedule.
3. Electricity and Telephone Bill Generation.
4. Maintenance of accounts of customers in banks.
5. Weather forecasting.
6. Diagnosing patients and helping doctors in surgeries.
7. Space and Scientific Research.
Computer’s Unit of Measurement: -
Bit: -A Bit is a unit of the memory which is used to store the data. It is a Binary Digit which can either be 0 & 1.
8 Bits = 1 Byte (11001011)
1 Byte = 1 Character (A)
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte
1024 Kilo Bytes = 1 Mega Byte
1024 Mega Bytes = 1 Giga Byte
1024 Giga Bytes = 1Tera Byte
Input Device: -That device of the computer through which the data can be enter in Computer memory is known as Input Device. Ex. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick etc.
Other Input Device:-
(a) MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)
(b) OMR (Optical Mark Reader)
(c) BCR (Barcode Reader)
(d) OCR (Optical Character Reader)
(e) Light Pen.
Output Device: - That device which display or produce the processed data is known as Output Device. Ex. Monitor (VDU), Plotter, Printer etc.
Generation of computer: -
1. First Generation (1945-1955): -It is based on the Vacuum tube
technology. In the first generation some important computers were designed that
are as follows:-
(a) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Calculator):
-
It was the first computer which contained 18000 vacuum tubes & weighed
about 30 Tunes & Occupied space of a house. It was built by professors John
Mauchly and John Presper Eckert. (b) UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer): - It came in 1952, it was the first computer dedicated to business application. The world first commercial machine was UNIVAC.
2. Second Generation (1955-1964): -The second generation computer
used Transistor a small device that transferred electric signals across a
Resistor. Transistors were developed in about 1947.
3. Third Generation (1964-1975): -n the third generation of
computer technology was completely changed and Transistors were replaced by
Integrated Circuit (IC) around 1965. IC
is a combination of a numbers of Transistors and other electronic components
fabricated together on a single crystal. These circuits were produced by Metal
Oxide Semiconductor technology, Small Scale Integration and Medium Scale
Integration circuits were used. These computers were ten thousands
times faster than the second generation computer.
4. Fourth Generation (1976-1985):-In fourth generation computers
IC were replaced by Microprocessors Chip. A microprocessor chip has all the
components required to produce a CPU. Large Scale Integration and Very Large
Scale Integration technology were used in fourth generation.
5. Fifth Generation (1986-On wards): -A fifth generation of computer Very Large Scale Integration
technology were replaced by Ultra Large Scale Integration. This technology
helped to develop very small extremely powerful and fast computers
CPU (Central Processing Unit): - It also called brain of computer. It processes all the data which we giving through keyboard or mouse & it show the result on the computer screen.
A CPU consists of: -
(a) Control Unit (CU): -It controls the flow of data and different unit of microprocessor.(b) Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU): - It performs the arithmetical operations such as Addition, Subtraction etc., in the system.
(c) Memory Unit (MU): - It stores all instruction and data.
Software:- Software is the instructions or abstract part which runs and controls the hardware. A group of such programs which performs a particular task is called Software.
Program:- A set of instructions to execute any functions is called program.
Types of Software: -
I. System Software:- It is a kind of software that controls the internal operations of a
Computer. It can be further classified into:-(a) Operating System:- It starts the Computer in a proper way and provides the environment in which the user can work with other kinds of software. For example: Ms-Dos, Ms-Windows, and Unix etc.
(b) Language Processor:- It is a type of system software which converts a program written in a common language into code which can be understood by a Computer. For example: Compiler, Interpreter.
II. Application Software:- It is a set of program which is made especially for operations by user for a particular purpose. It can be further classified into:-
(a) Packages:- These are a group of program or application which have ‘similar interface and common features’. For example: Word Processing Package, Spreadsheets Package.
(b) Customized Software:- These are the Programs made for a particular end user. For example: Tally, Airline Reservation System, School Information System, Interactive Query System etc.
Memory: - It is a storage device which stores the data and information.
Primary Memory: - That part of memory where data, program, instructions, are stored temporarily and can be obtained the demand at time. It is volatile in nature and fully power dependent memory. It power is cut-off the data stored in this memory is destroyed.
The Primary memory divided into two parts: -
i. RAM (Random Access Memory):- It is the main memory in the CPU of the computer. It is Read or Write memory. It is built in chips. Its nature is volatile. It has smaller storage capacity. RAM is divided into two parts: -
(a)
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory): -It is faster in accessing data. The data accessing
speed of SRAM makes it behave like a cache memory. SRAM is expensive as
compared to DRAM.
(b)
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory): -The lifetime of the data in DRAM is very
short. It is approximately for fifteen milliseconds. The data in DRAM are
stored in memory cells. The DRAM controller is a hardware component that helps
the DRAM works like the SRAM.
ii. ROM (Read Only
Memory): - This is
fixed inside at time if manufacturing. It is not power dependent and is called
non-volatile memory. It performs only the read operation. The user can’t write
into a ROM. ROM are divided into three parts: -
(a)
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): - The chip is supplied in blank by manufacture
once the chip has been programmed the recorded information can not be changed.
(b) EPROM (Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory): -It is possible to erase information stored in EPROM chip and it can be
reprogrammed to store new information.
(a)
EEPROM (Electrically
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): -It is less expensive than EPROM. It works with
the use of electric signal.
Secondary Memory: - It is also known as auxiliary memory.
It is due to limitation of size of main memory in CPU. Some times some external
storage devices are needed. For Example Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Pen
Drive. Classification of Computers:-
1.
Digital
Computer:- These are the most common
Computers being used these days. They store data and instructions in the form
of binary digits {0 and 1}. These digits are used to represent letters, symbols
and numbers. Examples of digital instrumental are Calculator, Digital watch,
Digital weighing machine, STD meter, etc.
2. Analog Computer:- These Computers which measures the continuous variations is said to be
Analog Computer. Some of the Analog instrumental are Thermometer, Speedometer,
Ammeter, etc.3. Hybrid Computer:- Hybrid Computer is the combination of Analog and Digital Computer. Such Computers measure the analog quantities and then convert it into digital signals for the purpose of analysis. These Computers are especially used in the field of space research satellites, robot, temperature controller, multimedia, etc.
4. Micro Computer:- Micro Computers are small sized Computers and they can support only one user at a time. They are desktop Computers meat for personal or single user. Some examples of Micro Computer are IBM PC 100, 200 Apple Macintosh, Personal Computers {which are used at home, schools, offices like Desktops, Laptops}.
5. Mini Computer:- That’s computers are more powerful than Micro Computer and they can support several users at a time. They have large memory and high storage capacity. These Computers are normally used by big organizations, for Computer Aided Designs, Networking of a large number of Computers, etc. Examples of Mini Computers are HCL Magnum, VAX 7500.The First popular Mini Computer was the PDP-8 which was launched in 1965.
6. Mainframe Computers:- Mainframe Computers are very large in size; they have a very high storage capacity. These Computers are used in advanced scientific researches, nuclear studies, weather forecasting. They are also used by big companies, banks, government departments as their main Computer or Services. Some examples of Mainframe are the IBM 4381, CDCC Cyber series, etc.
7. Super Computers:- Super Computers have a very large primary and secondary memory. They are used in highly sophisticated areas such as Meteorology, Space Research, Aerodynamics, Weather Forecasting, etc. They are highly sophisticated and are higher in cost than others Computers.
Some examples of the Indian Super
Computers are PARAM 2000, ANURAG.
Computer Virus:- A computer virus (Vital Information Resources Under Size) is
piece of designed and written to make additional copies of itself and spread
from location without user knowledge. They add their code to computer in such a
way that when the infected part of system executes, the virus also does.Types of Virus: -There are three types Virus: -
1.
Boot Virus: -These viruses infect the boot area of floppies and Hard Disk and become
resident and active at the time of “BOOTING” the system.
2.
File Virus: -These viruses infect one or more
types of file and activate when the program is run.
3.
System Virus:
-It differs from Boot Virus as it gains control often
the computer is booted and infects Hard Disk of floppy. Sometimes system
function time is increased scrambling of data modification of system error and
information messages occur.
How To Protect
Computer:
-
i.
Do not copy Software on your system.
ii.
Write protect should be used on the original
Software diskettes.
iii.
Proper backup of all data & program files should
be kept.
iv.
Restrict use of outside floppies.
v.
Copy the files carefully; better practice is to scan
the floppy for any virus.
Ms. Windows
1.
Desktop:- The Desktop is the displayed
screen area in Windows. It contains various icons. Similarly, you can also put
programs or applications on the Desktop and pick to use them whenever required.
2.
Icons:- The items on the Desktop are in
the form of small pictures with some name under them. They are called Icons.
Each Icon represents a unique program, application, etc.
Taskbar:- The Taskbar lies at the bottom of the Windows screen. It controls the
volume of sound, next to the Speaker, Time is displayed, you can change the
Computer’s time and date.Some Common Icons that are present on the Desktop:-
1. My Document:- This Icon looks like a bag or a
folder with a sheet of paper inside it. It stores documents or other files
which the user wants to access quickly or which do not have specified location.
2. My Computer:-This Icon contains information related to a
Computer and its various parts. It has a picture of a Computer as its identification;
it is normally located on the top left corner of the Desktop.
3. Recycle Bin:-It is like a dust bin of a Computer whose
garbage can is re-used. This Icon represents a directory that stores deleted
files and folders. Any file or folder which is deleted in Windows is
automatically transferred to the Recycle Bin. The items of Recycle Bin can be
restored to its original location.
Control Panel: - It is an important
feature in Windows. It provides tools for adding or removing programs, fonts,
setting of hardware parts like Modem, Mouse, Keyboard, setting up display
screen, system Date & Time, etc. It opens with many Icons on
its desktop, these icons helps to implement different kinds of action in
Computer. “Control Panel” controls different settings inside Windows.
Menu Bar
Standard Buttons
Address Bar
Maximize Button
Minimize Button
Options of Control Panel
1.
Files: -
All the information on the
Computer is stored in some type of file. Computer stores different types of
information in different files, like Devices, Sound, Movie clips, Text,
Graphics file, etc
2.
Folder: -
A folder can have further more
sub-folders in itself. The folder icon is used to represent a “Folder” or file.
You can even place sub-folders and files inside the Folder.
Micro Soft Dos
There are two types of command: -
i.
Internal
Command: -Internal commands are also known as
memory resident command as they are automatically loaded into main memory at
the time of Boating.
ii.
External Command:
-External commands are also known as disk resident
command. They are used for disk related activities and loaded into main memory
form secondary memory.
Internal Commands: -1. Date Command: -This command is used to display or modify the current system date.
Syntax: - C:\> Date (MM-DD-YY)
2. Time Command:- This command is used to see or modify the current system date.
Syntax: - C:\> Time
3. Version Command: - This command displays the version of operating system.
Syntax: - C:\> Ver
1.
Volume Command: -This command
is used for checking disk volume name.
Syntax: -C:\> Vol
2.
CLS: -This command is used to clear
the screen.
Syntax: -C:\> CLS
3.
DIR (Directory): -This command
is used to display the list of available files and directory in our system.
Syntax:
- C:\> DIR
4.
DIR/P: -This command is used to display
the list of available files and directory in page wise.
Syntax:
- C:\> DIR/P
5.
DIR/W: -This command is used to display
the list of available files and directory in width wise.
Syntax: -C:\> DIR/W
6.
DIR/L: -This command is used to display
the list of available files and directory in lower case (Small letters).
Syntax:
- C:\> DIR/L
7.
DIR/OG: -This command is used to display
the list of available files and directory in group wise.
Syntax: - C:\> DIR/OG
8.
Exit Command: -This command is used to exit
from the Dos program.
Syntax: - C:\> Exit
9.
Copy con command: -This command
is used to make a file.
Syntax:
- C:\>
Copy con File name (Raj.exe) My
name is Raj Gupta. I live at Ranchi.^Z or F6 (to save)
10.
Copy Command: -This command is used to make copy of a file to other name and other
location.
Syntax: - C:\> Copy
Source file name (Raj.exe) Target file name (Khushi.exe)
11.
Type Command: -This command is used to display the contents of a file.
Syntax: - C:\> Type
File name (Raj.exe)
12.
Delete Command: -This command is used to delete a file.
Syntax: - C:\> Del
File name (Raj.exe)
13.
Rename Command: -This command is used to change old file name into new name.
Syntax: -C:\> Ren
Old File name (Raj.exe) New file name (Anjali.exe)
14.
MD (Make Directory) Command: -This command is used to make a directory.
Syntax: - C:\>
MD directory name (Lucky)
15.
CD (Change Directory) Command: -This command is used to step-in or change the directory.
Syntax: -C:\>
CD directory name (Lucky) C:\Lucky>
16.
CD..That command can be also used to
exit from single directory.
CD\ That command can be also used to
exit from multiple directories.
17.
RD (Remove Directory) Command: -
This command is used to delete the directory.Syntax: - C:\> RD directory name (Lucky)
External Commands: -
1.
Tree Command: -This command is
used to display root directory in graphical tree line structure.
Syntax:
- C:\>
Tree directory name (Lucky)
2.
Move Command: -This command
used to move a file from one location to another location.
Syntax:
- C:\>
Move Source location name Target location
name
3.
Label Command: -This command
used to changes the volume label of a disk.
Syntax:
- C:\> Label
4.
Mode Command: -This command
used to increase or decrease size of the Dos screen.
Syntax:
- C:\> Mode
80
5.
Memory Command: -This command
used to display the memory status
reports.
Syntax:
- C:\> Mem
6.
Prompt Command: -This command
used to changes the Dos prompt name.
Syntax:
- C:\> Prompt
Anjali Anjali Prompt $P$G
7.
Batch File Command: -It is a set of
commands. It is used to execute a set of commands.
Syntax:
- C:\> Copy
con File name. Bat (Raj.Bat)
8.
Attrib Command: -This command
used to set of a file the attributes.
(a)
Attrib+H:
-By
this command we can hide the any file or directories.
Syntax:
- C:\> Attrib+H file name
Attrib-H:
-By
this command we can unhide the any file or directories.
Syntax:
- C:\> Attrib-H file name
9.
Color Command: -These commands
used to changes the text color and also change the background color.
Syntax:
-C:\> Color
7C
10.
Edit Command: -These commands
used to open Ms-Dos editor.
Syntax:
- C:\>
Edit C:\>
Edit File name
11.
Del Tree Command: -These commands
used to delete all the file of any directory.
Syntax:
- C:\> Del
tree Directory name
Ms-Paint
Paint is the new name for the Window earlier paintbrush program
with many improvements. It can be used for create and edit pictures, drawing
and graphics images.
The Paint
Tools: -
1.
Free –From Select: -Select a random
shaped area of the image.
2.
Select: -Select a rectangular-shaped area of the
image.
3.
Eraser: -Delete an area if the image.
4.
Fill with Color: -Fill an area with the color of your
choice.
5.
Pick Color: -Choose the color of an object.
6.
Magnifier: -Enlarge the selected area.
7.
Pencil: -Draw a freehand line.
8.
Brush: -Draw lines of various shapes and widths
9.
Airbrush: -Draw a brush line.
10.
Text: -Insert text
into your artwork.
11.
Line:
-Draw
a Straight line.
12 Curve: -Draw a curve
line.13 Rectangles: -Draw a rectangle box.
14 Polygon: -Draw a polygon box.
15. Ellipse: -Draw an ellipse box. Hold down Shift to draw a circle.
16 Rounded Rectangle: -Draw a rectangle box that has rounded corners.
Notepad
Notepad is basically a text editor. Text editor means programs in which
can you only view and edit text. It can be used for creating Web pages in HTML.
WordPad
WordPad is the word processing program that
comes with Windows XP Professional. File Menu: -
New
1. (Ctrl+N): -It is used to open a new blank
document page.
2.
Open (Ctrl+O): -It is used to
open a existing document.
3.
Save (Ctrl+S): -It is used to
save a file.
4.
Save As:-It is used to
create a duplicate copy of the existing document.
5.
Print (Ctrl+P): -It is used to
print a document. We can set the several options in the related to printing
option.
6.
Print Preview: -It is used to
view the page before printing.
7.
Page Setup: -It is used to
define the Margins, Page Size, and several others set-up for the page or
document.
8.
Exit: -This
option is used to exit from WordPad.
Edit Menu: -
1.
Undo (Ctrl+Z): -It is used to
cancels the last action or repeat the previous work.
2.
Redo (Ctrl+Y): -It is used to
redo a single action.
3.
Cut (Ctrl+X): -It is used to
cut any matter or remove the selected text or picture
4.
Copy (Ctrl+C): -It is used to
copy or duplicate any selected matter from one place to another place.
5.
Paste (Ctrl+V): -It is used to
paste any cut or copied text at a particular location.
6.
Paste Special: -It is used to
insert the contains of clipboard as a link in other document. If we make change
in source document then it will be automatically reflected in destination
document.
7.
Clear (Del): -It is used to
delete the selected contents or objects.
8.
Select All (Ctrl+A): -It is used to
select whole page contents.
9.
Find (Ctrl+F): -
It is
used to find a word, letter, or a sentence in your document.
10.
Replace (Ctrl+H): -
It is
used to replace a word, letter, or a sentence in your document.
View Menu: -That menu is used for hide and unhidden the Toolbar, Format Bar,
Ruler, and Status Bar.
Insert Menu: -
1.
Date and Time: -It is used to
insert the date & time on your page.
2.
Object: -It is used to
open another application software can be used within WordPad.
Format Menu: -
1.
Font: -It is used to change the writing
type, style, size, color, character spacing format of the selected text.
2.
Bullet Style: -It is used to
insert the bullets on the page.
3.
Paragraph: -It is used to
create paragraph at aligned side such as left, center, right, justify. Required
spacing in between line also creates through this.
Ms-Office
Ms-office is application
software which includes different packages like Ms-Word, PowerPoint, Excel,
Access, Outlook etc.Different Additions of Office: -
i.
Micro
Soft 2000
ii.
Micro
Soft 2003
iii.
Micro
Soft 2007
Ms-Word
Ms-Word is a software
package that helps you to create and edit document in an enhance format. It is
a window based application of Ms-Office package used for word processing. It is
developed by Microsoft Corporation.Features of Ms-Office: -
i.
Ms-Word
provides facilities to direct access sending E-mail.
ii.
Ms-Word
also Check the Grammatical error & Spelling mistake of a word.
iii.
Integrated
grammar spelling & Hyphenations.
iv.
Automatically
correct common error for text
v.
Web
page document for internet.File Menu: -
1. New (Ctrl+N)
2. Open (Ctrl+O)
3. Close: -This option is used to close the current document.
4. Save (Ctrl+S): -
5. Save as Web page: -Save the file in HTML format. A file with HTML format can be viewed in Internet explorer.
1. Web page preview: -It is used to see the contents of web
page.
2. Save As
3. Print (Ctrl+P)
4. Print Preview
5. Properties: -These options display the file
properties. It will display the data of creation, name of author, no. of page
in the document etc.
6. Page Setup
7. Exit
Edit Menu: -
1.
Undo
Typing (Ctrl+Z)
2.
Repeat
Typing (Ctrl+Y)
3.
Cut
(Ctrl+X)
4. Copy (Ctrl+C)
5.
Paste
(Ctrl+V)
6.
Paste
Special
7.
Clear
(Del)
8.
Select
All (Ctrl+A)
9.
Find
(Ctrl+F)
10.
Replace
(Ctrl+H)
11.
Go to (Ctrl+G): -This option is
used to move the cursor at a specific location in our document.
View Menu: -
1.
Normal: -In this view we
can create a document without considering actual margin & formatting
characteristics. It is helpful in fast document creation.
2.
Web Layout: -In this view
document will appear similar to the appearance of this document in a web page.
Some formats are not supported in this view.
3.
Print Layout: -In print layout
document appears with actual margin & other formats. This view displays the
document as it will appear after printing.
4.
Outline: -This view keeps
track of document heading & sub heading.
5.
Toolbar: -This option is
used to hide or unhide the all toolbars.
6.
Ruler: -It is used to
set indents & margin of a document. It is also used for setting TAB stop
position. Ruler option helps in hiding or showing the ruler in document.
7.
Full Screen: -This option is
used to see the document without toolbar & status bar means the contents
will be displayed at whole page.
8.
Zoom: -This option is used to reduce or
increase the display mode through the percentage.
9.
Header & Footer: -This option is
used to add some repetitive information on top or bottom of each page.
Insert Menu: -1. Break (Ctrl+Enter): -This option is used to insert page break, column break, section break etc.
2. Page Number: -This option is used to reduce or increase the display mode through the percentage.
9.
Header & Footer: -This option is
used to add some repetitive information on top or bottom of each page.
Insert Menu: -1. Break (Ctrl+Enter): -This option is used to insert page break, column break, section break etc.
2. Page Number: -This option is used to insert page number. We can insert page number at the top or bottom of document. Page number may be aligned left, right, center, inside or outside in case of both sides printers papers.
3.
Date & Time: -
4.
Auto Text: -Auto Text is
used to insert some common words which are mostly used in document. When we
open AutoText pallet AutoCorrect and AutoText are displayed.
(a)
AutoCorrect: -It will automatically
correct the text written by the user.
(b)
AutoText: -This option is
used to insert the text automatically but at the choice of the user. AutoText
always prompt the words before inserting.
5.
Symbol: -It is used to
insert different type of symbols required by the user which are not found on
the keyboard. These symbols behave just like a text.
6.
Comment: -Comment is used
to add some explanation about the selected topic.
7.
Footnote: -It is used to
insert footnote (bottom of page) & endnote (end of document).
8.
Picture: -It is used to
insert picture from Clip Art, File From, From Scanner or Camera, AutoShapes,
WortArt & also make Chart in document.
9.
Text Box: -It is used to
create a blank text box just like our document where we can type any massage or
information.
10.
File: -It is used insert whole file
into your document. Other file can also insert in word document using insert
file option.
11.
Object
12.
Bookmark: -It is used to
mark a particular position in our document for easy navigation through document
for adding bookmark.
13.
Hyperlink (Ctrl+K): -It is used to
create links within our document or with other document; it is used to cross
referencing some information or to open other application files by simply
clicking on its link. Hyperlink is mostly used in Web Pages.
Format Menu: -
1.
Font: -It is used to change the writing
type, style, size, color, character spacing format of the selected text.
2.
Paragraph:
-
3.
Bullet & Numbering: -It is used to
insert Bullets & Numbering in the document.
4.
Border & Shading: -It is used to
apply a border around the paragraph or whole page.
5.
Column: -This option is
used to divide our document in more than one column.
6.
Tabs: -This option is used to set Tab
stop position.
7.
Drop Cap: -Drop cap
feature increase the size of the first letter of paragraph to accommodate a no.
of lines next to the first letter.
8.
Text Direction: -This option is
used to give direction to the text written in a text box.
9.
Change Case: -This option is
used to change the case of letters in our documents.
There are fives types of Cases are
available: -
i.
Sentence
case
ii.
Title
Case
iii.
UPPER
CASE
iv.
lower
case
v.
TOGGLE
CASE
10.
Background: -This option is
used to set background pattern, texture or color. It provides facilities like
more color and creates a new type of background.
11.
Theme: -A theme
typically consists of background color or background graphics, horizontal line
or other design elements, font color and size for regular items such as leading
style, body text style and bullet. It is mostly used in web page.
3.
Bullet
& Numbering: -It is used to insert Bullets & Numbering in the
document.
4.
Border & Shading: -It is used to
apply a border around the paragraph or whole page.
5.
Column: -This option is
used to divide our document in more than one column.
6.
Tabs: -This option is used to set Tab
stop position.
7.
Drop Cap: -Drop cap
feature increase the size of the first letter of paragraph to accommodate a no.
of lines next to the first letter.
8.
Text Direction: -This option is
used to give direction to the text written in a text box.
9.
Change Case: -This option is
used to change the case of letters in our documents.
There are fives types of Cases are
available: -
i.
Sentence
case
ii.
Title
Case
iii.
UPPER
CASE
iv.
lower
case
v.
tOGGLE
cASE
10.
Background: -This option is
used to set background pattern, texture or color. It provides facilities like
more color and creates a new type of background.
11.
Theme: -A theme
typically consists of background color or background graphics, horizontal line
or other design elements, font color and size for regular items such as leading
style, body text style and bullet. It is mostly used in web page.
12.
Frames: -It is use to
create frame for design. Frame can be added in all side.
13.
AutoFormat: -It is used to
change page format.
14.
Styles and Formatting: -It has also a
set of formatting characteristics. But it can be applied to the selected
paragraph only.
15.
Reveal Formatting: -It displays the
all formatting information of the selected text.
16.
Object: - Object: -It is format the line color fill and
pattern, size, position an other properties of the selected object.
Tools Menu: -
1.
Spelling & Grammar (F7): -It is used to
check the spelling of a word and grammatical mistake & error of a sentence
in an existing document.
2.
Language: -This option
provides four another options: -
i.
Set Language: -It is used to
set the word default dictionary of a particular language.
ii.
Translate: -This option
translates the selected word in other language.
iii.
Thesaurus (Shift+F7): -Thesaurus
provides synonyms (word with some meaning) & antonym (words with opposite meaning)
of selected word.
iv.
Hyphenation: -This option is
used to automatically hyphenate word in our document.
3.
Word Count: -It is used to
count the number of word, page, line, paragraph in the document.
4.
AutoSummarize: -It is used to
summarize the text based document automatically.
5.
Protect Document: -It is used to
protect a document. By this we can allow to write anything in this document
(read only file).
6.
Mail Merge: -This feature is
a quick and easy way for massive production of letters, envelopes, mailing
labels etc. By using mail merge you can send the same letters to a number of
people without typing the original letter more than once.
Tools
Letters and mailing Mail Merge
Wizard
Next
Next Typing a new
list
Create
Customize OK
Close and save file name Select
All OK
1.
Envelope & Labels: -It is used to
type the delivery address & return address as we write on an ordinary
envelope.
2.
Macro: -Macro is
creating to record sequence of actions which is to be performed repeatedly on
our document.
3.
AutoCorrect
Options
4.
Customize: -This option is
used to create our own toolbar or menu bar or to customize available menus or
tools.
5.
Option: -This command
provides some software setting for Ms. Word we can change the default
appearance of word screen default file location, editing, environment and other
related commands. It also provide feature to protect our document under
security tab.
Table Menu: -
1.
Draw Table: -
1.
Envelope & Labels: -It is used to
type the delivery address & return address as we write on an ordinary
envelope.
2.
Macro: -Macro is
creating to record sequence of actions which is to be performed repeatedly on
our document.
3.
AutoCorrect
Options
4.
Customize: -This option is
used to create our own toolbar or menu bar or to customize available menus or
tools.
5.
Option: -This command
provides some software setting for Ms. Word we can change the default
appearance of word screen default file location, editing, environment and other
related commands. It also provide feature to protect our document under
security tab.
Table Menu: -1. Draw Table: -This is very useful as you can draw a table of your specification very easily. This option show or hide the “Tables and Borders “toolbar.
2.
Insert: -It is used to
insert table column, row & cells in an existing document.
3.
Delete: -It is used to
delete a table column, row & cells from an existing document.
4.
Select: -It is used to
select a table column, row & cells from an existing document.
5.
Merge Cells: -It is used to
merge two or more cell and make than into one cell.
6.
Split Cells: -It is used to
divide the cell in different cell address. Split cell always used after merge
cell option.
7.
Table AutoFormat: -It is used to
format the tables using the predefined tables’ format, or this is used to
automatically format a table.
8.
AutoFit: -It is used to
adjust the contents windows, column, and width &rows evenly automatically
in the table of an existing document.
9.
Convert: -It is used to
convert a text in the table & to convert table into text.
10.
Sort: -This option is used to sort the
table in ascending or descending order according to the given column.
11.
Formula: -This option is
used to insert formula for simple arithmetic calculation into cell.
12.
Hide or Show Gridlines: -When the table
is created generally the table will be displayed with gridlines if the
gridlines are not displays, select show gridlines from Table menu.
13.
Table Properties: -It is used to
see the properties. If the text in a table of an existing document.
Power Point
Power
point is a presentation package and window slide package. The file of
power point is called presentation and each page of presentation is called
slide. It is used for creating animations.
Menu Bar: -
File Menu: -
1. New (Ctrl+N)
2. Open (Ctrl+O)
3. Close
4. Save (Ctrl+S)
5. Save as Web page
6. Web page preview
7. Save As
8. Print (Ctrl+P)
9. Print Preview
10. Properties
11. Page Setup
12. Exit
Edit Menu: -
1.
Undo
Typing (Ctrl+Z)
2.
Repeat
Typing (Ctrl+Y)
3.
Cut
(Ctrl+X)
4.
Copy
(Ctrl+C)
5.
Paste
(Ctrl+V)
6.
Paste
Special
7.
Clear
(Del)
8.
Select
All (Ctrl+A)
9.
Duplicate(Ctrl+D):-
By
this option we can create the copy of a selected object or slide.
10.
Delete Slide:-
This
option is used to delete the selected slide currently in use.
11.
Find
(Ctrl+F)
12.
Replace
(Ctrl+H)
13.
Go
to (Ctrl+G)
View Menu: -
1.
Normal: -This option is
used to display the current presentation in the normal view.
2.
Slide Sorter: -This option is
used to show all slides in a single presentation.
3.
Slide Show(F5): -This option is
used to run the slide show from the beginning.
4.
Notes Page: -This option is
used to write the comments for each slide.
5.
Master: -
Slide Master: -This option is
used to format all the title slides in the presentation and create a new slide
in master slide format.
6.
Color/Grayscale: -This option is
used to display the current presentation in black and white.
7.
Toolbar
8.
Ruler
9.
Grid and Guides: -These options
are used to hide or display the grid lines that help the user to position the
object on the slides.
10.
Header
& Footer
11.
Zoom
Insert Menu: -
1.
New Slide (Ctrl+M): -This option is
used to create the new slide in current slide.
2.
Duplicate Slide: -It is used to
create a duplicate slide.
3.
Slide Number: -This option is
used to insert slide number. We can insert slide number at the top or bottom of
the presentation.
4.
Slides from Files: -This option is
use to insert the contents of the available presentation in the current file.
5.
Slides from Outline: -This option is
use to insert the different types of available files in the current
presentation.
6.
Moves and Sounds: -This option is
used to insert video, sounds from clip gallery.
Format Menu: -
1.
Font
2.
Paragraph
3.
Bullet
& Numbering
4.
Alignment
5.
Line Spacing: -This option is
used to set the margin between lines.
6.
Change
Case
7.
Replace Font: -This option is
used to replace the text of the whole presentation.
8.
Slide Design: -
(a) Design Templates:-
It
will apply or change the different type of presentation design in the every
slide of the current presentation.
(b) Color Schemes:- This option
used to select a particular scheme of the color for the presentation. The user
may defined or delete the schemes according to the requirement.
9.
Slide Layout: - This option is used to change
the style of the slide as required by the user. Power point provides 24
different types of slide layout along with a blank slide layout.
Tools Menu: -1. Spelling & Grammar (F7): -
2.
Language:
-
3.
Macro:
-
4.
AutoCorrect
Options
5.
Customize:
-
6.
Option:
-
Slide Show Menu: -
1.
View Show (F5): -It is the same
option as Slide show provided in View menu. This option is used to run the
slide show from the beginning.
2.
Set Up Show: -It will apply
the set up show effect on the presentation after that it will continue the view
show.
3.
Rehearse Timings: -This option is
used to set the timings of the slides and object of the slides easily.
4.
Action Buttons: -This option is
used to link the presentation internally that is linking the slides with each
other.
5.
Action Settings: -This option is
used to select the link that is too maintained within slides after selecting
any action button or some image on which the user desires to maintain link.
6.
Animation Schemes: -This option
used to select a particular scheme of the background animation for the
presentation. The user may defined or delete the schemes according to the
requirement.
7.
Custom Animation: -This option is
used to animate the objects inserted in a slide. The user may select a
particular time for the objects after which they appear.
8.
Hide Slide: -This option is
used to hide or unhide the selected slides of the presentation, which are not
shown during the slide show.
9.
Custom Shows: -This option is
use to display the group of slide and particular slide on the full screen
animation.
Ms. Excel
Excel
is
an office package used for calculation and analysis of data. Ms Excel provides
a rich library in formula for calculation and a list of commands for analysis
of data. Excel file is known as a
workbook. A workbook is a collection of worksheets. A worksheet is also known
as a spreadsheet. 3 worksheets are visible in a workbook by default. A
worksheet is organized into Row and Column. It has 65,536 rows and 256 columns.
.XLS is the default extension for excel files. Intersection of a row and column
is known as cell. Current cell will be the active cell. Display the reference
or address of current is known as name box. Every cell has its own cell address
denoted by column headers (A,B,C,D,E) and row headers (1,2,3,4,5)
Menu Bar: -
File Menu: -
1. New (Ctrl+N)
2. Open (Ctrl+O)
3. Close
4. Save (Ctrl+S)
5. Save as Web page
6. Web page preview
7. Save As
8. Print (Ctrl+P)
9. Print Preview
10. Properties
11. Page Setup
12. Exit
Edit Menu: -
1.
Undo
Typing (Ctrl+Z)
2.
Repeat
Typing (Ctrl+Y)
3.
Cut
(Ctrl+X)
4.
Copy
(Ctrl+C)
5.
Paste
(Ctrl+V)
6.
Paste
Special
7.
Clear
(Del)
8.
Fill: -By this option we can insert a
particular row, column and cells.
9.
Delete: - By this option
we can delete a particular row, column and cells. This option gives four
another options.
i. To
delete shift cells leftii. To delete shift cells up
iii. To delete entire row
iv. To delete entire column.
10 Delete Sheet:-This option is used to delete the selected sheet currently in use. This option can’t be undone.
11 Move or Copy Sheet: - This option is used to move a particular sheet to another location that is shifting the sheet. It can be used to create a copy of the sheet.
12 Find (Ctrl+F)
13 Replace (Ctrl+H)
14 Go to (Ctrl+G)
View Menu: -
1. Normal: -It is a view of Ms. Excel in which a user normally works.
2.
Page Break Preview: -This option is
used to show the page breaks in which the sheet has been divided. It can be
easily used to adjust few rows or columns in order to print them.
3.
Task
Pane
4.
Toolbars
5.
Formula Bar: -This option is
used to hide or unhide the formula bar. It display the value entered in current
cell and in case of formula. It displays the formula of current cell.
6.
Status
Bar: -
7.
Header
& Footer
8.
Comments
9.
Custom Views: -This option is
used to create a several views in a worksheet so that the user can easily get
these views.
10.
Full
Screen
11.
Zoom
Insert Menu: -
1.
Cells: -This is used to
insert a particular cell within the data written by shifting the other cells
right or down.
2.
Rows: -This is used to insert a single
row.
3.
Columns: -This is used to
insert a single column.
4.
Worksheet: -This is used to
insert a new worksheet.
5.
Chart: -Chart is a
graphical representation of numerical data depending on the appearance of
chart. It can be two type of chart.
(a)
Embedded Chart: -It is draw on
the work sheet where the data exists.
(b)
Chart Sheet: -It is separate
sheet containing only the chart in it.
1.
Symbol
2.
Page
Break
3.
Function: -Functions are
built in formulas to perform some specific calculation.
4.
Comment
5.
Picture
6.
Diagram
7.
Object
8.
Hyperlinks(Ctrl+K)
Format Menu: -
1.
Cells (Ctrl+1): -It is used to
formatting of the selected cells. By this option we can apply alignment, fonts,
border, patterns etc.
2.
Row: -It is used to formatting of the
selected row like increasing or decreasing the height and hide or unhide the
selected row. The standard row height is 12.75.
3.
Column: -It is used to
formatting of the selected column like increasing or decreasing the width and
hide or unhide the selected row. The standard column width is 8.43.
4.
Sheet: - It is used to
formatting of the selected sheet like renaming and hides or unhides the
selected sheet. By this option we can apply background for worksheet.
5.
AutoFormat: -It is used to
format the tables using the predefined table format, or this is used to
automatically format a table.
6.
Conditional Formatting: -It is done to a
cell if the cell contains a value or when the cell contains a value that fall
between ranges.
7.
Style: -This option is
used to change the formatting of all the worksheet or the workbook.
Tools Menu: -
1.
Spelling
& Grammar (F7): -
2.
Language:
-
3.
Protection
4.
Goal Seek: -This is used to
change the value of the cell in which formula is applied while changing the
cell value of the data source selected.
5.
Scenarios: -A scenario is a
group of input values saved with name.
6.
Formula Auditing: -This option is
used to create a trace to view the value with depended numbers.
7.
Macro
8.
AutoCorrect
Options
9.
Customize
10.
Option
Data Menu: -
1.
Sort: -This option is used to arrange
the data in ascending or descending order.
2.
Filter: -It is used to
display records that match a condition. The filtered data will be displayed in
separate part of the screen.
3.
Form: -This option displays the heading
of the data in a dialog box which helps the user to enter the data in an easy
manner.
4.
Subtotals: -It is used to
generate subtotals of numeric field based on a controlling field.
5.
Validation: -It is a process
of verifying the data is accepted by applying certain rules.
6.
Table: -
7.
Text to Column: -This option is
used to convert the text in column wise.
8.
Consolidate: -It is a process
where information is data form different sources are merged.
9.
Import External Data: - This option is used to insert the external data in our
excel worksheet.
Window Menu: -
1.
New Window: -This option is
used to open a new workbook.
2.
Arrange: -It is used to
arrange the workbook in tilde, horizontally, vertically etc.
3.
Hide: -This option is used to hide the
active workbook.
4.
Unhide: -This option is
used to unhide the active workbook.
5.
Split: -This option is
used to divide the workbook in maximum four parts.
6.
Freeze Panes: -This option is
used to get the view of some particular rows and columns that are freeze then
it don’t scroll with screen.
Functions: -1. Today ( ): -This option is used to display the current date.
2.
Now
( ): -This option is used to display the current date/time.
3.
Weekday
( ): -This option is used to display the day of week corresponding to
given data.
=Weekday
(“2/23/1990)
4.
Days360
( ): - This option is used to display the number of day between
two days.
=days360 (“11/15/1990”,”2/23/1990”)
5.
Left
( ): -This option is used to display the specified numbers of
characters from the left side of a text string.
=Left
(“Rajkishor”,3)6. Right ( ): -This option is used to display the specified numbers of characters from the right side of a text string.
=Right (“Rajkishor”,6)
7.
Mid
( ): -This option is used to display the specified numbers of
characters starting from a specified position in a text string.
=Mid
(“Rajkishor”,2,2)
8.
Len
( ): -This option is used to display the length of a text string spaces
are counted as character.
=Len (“Rajkishor”)
9.
Proper
( ): -It is used to converts the first letters of each word in a text
string to upper case and remaining letter to lower case.
=
Proper (“RAJKISHOR”)
10.
Rept
( ): -This option is used to repeat the given text to a specified
number of times.
= Rept
(“*”,6)
11.
Upper
( ): -This option is used to convert all lower case letters in a text
string to upper case.
= Upper (“rajkishor”)12. Lower ( ): -This option is used to convert all lower case letters in a text string to upper ca
= Lower (“RAJKISHOR”)
13.
Sum
( Range of Cells): -By this option we can sum of values in the given range of
cell
= Sum
(A1:D6)
14.
Product
( ): -This option is used to multiply of given number
= product (A2: C2)
15.
Average:
-This
option is used to gives the average of values in the given range of cell.
=Average
(A2:D6)
16.
Count:
-By
this option we can counts the number of value in the given range of cells
= Count (A1:D7)
17.
Minimum:
-This
option is used to gives the minimum value in the given range of cell.
=Min
(A1:D5)
18.
Maximum:
-This
option is used to gives the minimum value in the given range of cell
=Min (A1:D5)
19.
Power:
-This
option is used to gives the number raised to a given power.
= Power (6,2)
20.
Mod:
-By
this option we can remainder of a division.
=Mod
(24,5)
Internet
The
internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks from around the
world that provides a wealth of information on nearly any topics you can
imagine.Internet is a world wide network of computers that share
information. Information sharing and communicating are the primary of
internet.Internet Browser: - An internet browser is a software program that enables you to access and navigate the internet by viewing web pages on your computer. That allows them to connect to the internet and “surfing web”. There are two types of browsers most commonly used for viewing the internet: -
(a) Internet Explorer
(b) Netscape Navigator.
There are other browsers available as
well it depends upon your choice. Microsoft is the creator of Internet Explorer
and Netscape Navigator, but originally developed by Netscape Navigator is now
owned by America online/ Time warrior.
Website: - A site or area
on the World Wide Web that is accessed by its own internet address is called a
web site. A web site can be collection of related web pages.
Web Page: -Web page can be
articles, paragraph or a combination of text and graphics. It can be explained
as one area of the World Wide Web unit of every website is a web page.
Home Page: -Home page also
main page of that particular website. It is our browser uses when start, and
also the web page appear every time open your browser.
Address Bar: -The address bar
is an escalator that can be used for navigating the web, if you known the
address of a page you want to access.
Address Box: -This box gives
the location or address of the current page you are viewing.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): -That unusual
word at the top of the page in what is known as the locator box or address box
is the address of a web page. Each web page has a unique address called a
Uniform Resource Locator or URL specified address of a web page.
Search Engine: -Search Engine
is a tool that searches web pages, indexes and identifies web pages. You
essentially go to the site that that offers a search type in some key words and
get related web addresses to view.
Electronic Mail (E-mail): - E-mail is a
message sent electronically over the internet. Everyone uses the internet has a
unique e-mail address. E-mail address can be case sensitive so if someone reads
you an e-mail address asks about the capitals.
Attachment: - An attachment
is a document that is sent along with an e-mail. Attachment is created with
other computer program.
Networking Introduction: - The group
computers that can share the hardware and software resources are known as
network. There are three main reasons for connecting computers in a network: -
1.
Share Information: -This can be
message such as e-mail or it can be files that are stored on one computer and
used by someone at a different computers.
2.
Share Resources: - A printer that
can be accessed from different computer systems is a shared resource. So is an
internet connection used by more than one computer.
3.
Centralized Control: - The management
determines what the computers may be used for and what kind of resources and
support that need. This is much easier to deal with if the computers are
connected.
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